Nginx 性能优化

连接优化

worker 进程配置

# 工作进程数，通常设为 CPU 核心数
worker_processes auto;

# 每个 worker 的最大连接数
events {
    worker_connections 10240;
    use epoll;           # Linux 使用 epoll
    multi_accept on;     # 一次接受多个连接
}

keepalive 配置

http {
    # 客户端 keepalive
    keepalive_timeout 65;
    keepalive_requests 1000;
    
    # 上游 keepalive
    upstream backend {
        server 127.0.0.1:8080;
        keepalive 32;
    }
    
    server {
        location / {
            proxy_pass http://backend;
            proxy_http_version 1.1;
            proxy_set_header Connection "";
        }
    }
}

Gzip 压缩

http {
    gzip on;
    gzip_vary on;
    gzip_min_length 1024;
    gzip_comp_level 5;
    gzip_types
        text/plain
        text/css
        text/javascript
        application/json
        application/javascript
        application/xml
        application/xml+rss
        image/svg+xml;
    
    # 代理时也压缩
    gzip_proxied any;
    
    # 禁用 IE6 gzip
    gzip_disable "msie6";
}

缓存配置

静态资源缓存

location ~* \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|ico|css|js|woff2)$ {
    expires 30d;
    add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable";
    
    # 关闭访问日志
    access_log off;
}

location ~* \.(html)$ {
    expires 1h;
    add_header Cache-Control "public, must-revalidate";
}

代理缓存

http {
    # 定义缓存路径
    proxy_cache_path /var/cache/nginx 
        levels=1:2 
        keys_zone=my_cache:10m 
        max_size=10g 
        inactive=60m 
        use_temp_path=off;
    
    server {
        location /api/ {
            proxy_pass http://backend;
            
            # 启用缓存
            proxy_cache my_cache;
            proxy_cache_valid 200 10m;
            proxy_cache_valid 404 1m;
            proxy_cache_key $scheme$host$request_uri;
            
            # 缓存状态头
            add_header X-Cache-Status $upstream_cache_status;
            
            # 缓存绕过
            proxy_cache_bypass $http_cache_control;
        }
    }
}

浏览器缓存策略

# 强缓存
location /static/ {
    expires 1y;
    add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable";
}

# 协商缓存
location /api/ {
    add_header Cache-Control "no-cache";
    etag on;
}

# 不缓存
location /user/ {
    add_header Cache-Control "no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate";
    expires -1;
}

缓冲区优化

http {
    # 客户端请求体缓冲
    client_body_buffer_size 16k;
    client_max_body_size 100m;
    
    # 代理缓冲
    proxy_buffering on;
    proxy_buffer_size 4k;
    proxy_buffers 8 16k;
    proxy_busy_buffers_size 32k;
    
    # 大文件传输
    sendfile on;
    tcp_nopush on;
    tcp_nodelay on;
}

超时配置

http {
    # 客户端超时
    client_header_timeout 15s;
    client_body_timeout 15s;
    send_timeout 15s;
    
    # 代理超时
    proxy_connect_timeout 10s;
    proxy_send_timeout 60s;
    proxy_read_timeout 60s;
}

限流配置

http {
    # 请求速率限制
    limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=req_limit:10m rate=10r/s;
    
    # 连接数限制
    limit_conn_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=conn_limit:10m;
    
    server {
        location /api/ {
            limit_req zone=req_limit burst=20 nodelay;
            limit_conn conn_limit 10;
            
            # 限流状态码
            limit_req_status 429;
            limit_conn_status 429;
        }
    }
}

安全配置

server {
    # 隐藏版本号
    server_tokens off;
    
    # 安全头
    add_header X-Frame-Options "SAMEORIGIN" always;
    add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff" always;
    add_header X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block" always;
    add_header Referrer-Policy "strict-origin-when-cross-origin" always;
    
    # 禁止访问隐藏文件
    location ~ /\. {
        deny all;
    }
    
    # 禁止访问敏感文件
    location ~* \.(git|env|sql|bak)$ {
        deny all;
    }
}

完整优化配置

user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
worker_rlimit_nofile 65535;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log warn;
pid /var/run/nginx.pid;

events {
    worker_connections 10240;
    use epoll;
    multi_accept on;
}

http {
    include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
    default_type application/octet-stream;
    
    # 日志
    log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                    '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                    '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for" '
                    '$request_time $upstream_response_time';
    access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main buffer=32k flush=5s;
    
    # 基础优化
    sendfile on;
    tcp_nopush on;
    tcp_nodelay on;
    keepalive_timeout 65;
    keepalive_requests 1000;
    
    # 缓冲区
    client_body_buffer_size 16k;
    client_max_body_size 100m;
    
    # Gzip
    gzip on;
    gzip_vary on;
    gzip_min_length 1024;
    gzip_comp_level 5;
    gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript;
    
    # 限流
    limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=req_limit:10m rate=10r/s;
    limit_conn_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=conn_limit:10m;
    
    # 缓存
    proxy_cache_path /var/cache/nginx levels=1:2 keys_zone=cache:10m max_size=10g inactive=60m;
    
    # 安全
    server_tokens off;
    
    include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
}